![]() ![]() Internal energy refers to the total energy of all the molecules within the object.It is the average kinetic energy of individual molecules. Temperature is related to the kinetic energies of the molecules of a material.Using the kinetic theory, a clear distinction between these three properties can be made. It equals the total heat (Q) added or removed divided by the mass (m).ĭistinguishing Temperature, Heat, and Internal Energy The symbol q is sometimes used to indicate the heat added to or removed from a system per unit mass. Because W in the equation is the work done by the system, then if work is done on the system, W will be negative and E int will increase. Q is positive for heat added to the system, so if heat leaves the system, Q is negative. There are actually many ways to take the gas from state i to state f.Īlso, as with work, it is important to distinguish between heat added to a system from its surroundings and heat removed from a system to its surroundings. They are then said to be in thermal equilibrium.Īs with work, the amount of heat transferred depends upon the path and not simply on the initial and final conditions of the system. When the flow of heat stops, they are said to be at the same temperature. Heat transfer occurs by conduction or by thermal radiation. When a temperature difference does exist heat flows spontaneously from the warmer system to the colder system. In general, when two objects are brought into thermal contact, heat will flow between them until they come into equilibrium with each other. In liquids and solids there is significant component of potential energy associated with the intermolecular attractive forces. The microscopic potential energy, U pot, involves the chemical bonds between the atoms that make up the molecules, binding forces in the nucleus and also the physical force fields within the system (e.g. However, for polyatomic gases there is rotational and vibrational kinetic energy as well. Kinetic theory is based on the fact that during an elastic collision between a molecule with high kinetic energy and one with low kinetic energy, part of energy will transfer to the molecule of lower kinetic energy. The behavior of the system is well described by kinetic theory of gases. Monoatomic particles do not rotate or vibrate. ![]() For an ideal monatomic gas, this is just the translational kinetic energy of the linear motion of the atoms. Where the microscopic kinetic energy, U kin, involves the motions of all the system’s particles with respect to the center-of-mass frame. It may be divided into microscopic potential energy, U pot, and microscopic kinetic energy, U kin, components: Internal energy involves energy on the microscopic scale. ![]()
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